1 power supply
(1) Load level and power requirements
According to the provisions of Article 3.2.1 of JGJ354-2014 of "Code for Electrical Design of Sports Buildings", the classification of sports building loads shall comply with the following provisions:
1 Load classification should meet the requirements of Table 1.
Table 1 Classification of sports building load
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Note: A includes the lighting load of the podium, VIP room and its reception room, press room, etc., emergency lighting load, timing score, on-site image acquisition and playback, flag raising control and other systems and their equipment room power load, network room, fixed communication Electricity load in computer room, sound reinforcement and broadcasting room, radio and television relay equipment, fire and security equipment, etc.;
B includes temporary medical stations, doping control rooms, blood sample collection rooms and other electrical equipment, VIP office, medal storage room, athletes and referees use room, box, auditorium and other lighting loads, construction equipment management systems, ticket inspection systems, etc. Use electric load, domestic water pump, sewage pump and other equipment;
C includes electrical loads such as ordinary office buildings and square lighting;
D General storage, landscape and other electrical loads.
2 The TV emergency lighting load of the competition hall (field) in the special sports building shall be the load that is particularly important in the primary load, and the lighting load of the other site shall be the primary load; the lighting load of the site in the Grade A sports building shall be the primary load. The lighting load of the site in Grade B and Class C sports buildings shall be secondary load;
3 For the air load system, swimming pool water treatment system, ice rink system, etc. that directly affect the competition, the special sports building should be the first-class load, and the Grade A sports building should be the secondary load;
4 Except for special requirements, the advertising power load level in special and Grade A sports buildings shall not be higher than Grade II.
Sports buildings of Class A and above shall be powered by dual power supplies. Under normal circumstances, two power sources shall be powered at the same time. When one road fails, it can be automatically switched to another power source to ensure that important loads continue to supply power. In addition to the dual-supply power supply, the special-grade stadium should be equipped with diesel generator set equipment for special load in the first-class load; Class B and C-class sports buildings should be powered by two-line power supply, and other grades of sports buildings can be used. Single-circuit line power is used. Power lines for premium and Class A sports buildings should be introduced by different routes.
(2) For stadiums holding important international competitions, it is recommended to set the permanent load and its power distribution system separately from the temporary load and its power distribution system. The permanent power supply and distribution system is a permanent load service, and the temporary load of the event is temporarily provided. The distribution system provides assurance. This design is economical and reasonable, and the temporary power supply and distribution system is widely used in stadiums such as the Olympic Games and the World Cup.
(3) Large-scale electrical equipment used only in competitions should be equipped with a separate transformer. When the power supply deviation does not meet the requirements, an on-load tap-changer can be set.
(4) The commonly used stadium high-voltage power distribution system is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Power supply and distribution system for stadium lighting
In the figure, (a) is a dual power supply, one for one system, suitable for lower grade sports buildings; (b) for dual power supply, two works at the same time, mutual backup system, suitable for medium and high grade sports buildings (c) for three power supply, dual-use and one standby system, suitable for high-grade sports buildings; (d) for three power supply, three-way work at the same time, mutual backup system, also suitable for high-grade sports buildings; e) is four-way power supply, working at the same time, two power supply is a group, the two groups are independent of each other; (f) four-way power supply, working at the same time, one-way communication between stations; (g) four-way power supply, two two One group, station two-way contact. Programs (e), (f), and (g) are applicable to sports centers and super-large sports buildings with high grades.
Figure 2 Diesel generator set emergency / backup system
(5) Common emergency/backup power system
The stadium emergency/backup power supply usually uses diesel generator sets, usually low-voltage power supply, and the large sports center also has a unified 10kV emergency/standby power supply and distribution system.
In the low-voltage emergency system, the low-voltage emergency bus section and the spare bus section can be separately set as required. The emergency/standby busbars are powered by the mains and emergency/standby power supply through the dual power conversion device. The utility power supply is usually supplied to the emergency/standby busbar. When the utility power is cut off, the diesel generator set is started and continues by the generator set. Provide power to the emergency/standby bus. Due to the difference in load nature between the emergency bus section and the alternate bus section, emergency/standby two-section busbars are often installed in the special-grade and Grade-A stadiums, one for important loads such as events and broadcasts, and one for firefighting and other loads. The independent emergency bus section is arranged to facilitate the management of important loads, safe and reliable operation, and to facilitate access to temporary diesel generator sets in important events.
2 with the number and location of substations
There are generally no less than two substations in large stadiums, and the number of substations in gymnasiums and swimming pools is generally no more than two. Since the distance between the power supply and distribution points is relatively long (more than 100m), the centralized setting of the power distribution and distribution station will cause excessive power loss and the technical and economic indicators are unreasonable. Article 3.5.2 of JGJ 354-2014 of "Electrical Design Code for Sports Buildings" stipulates that the allowable values ​​of voltage deviation at the terminals of lighting venues of competition venues: special grade and Grade A sports buildings should be ± 2%, sports buildings of Grade B and below Should be ± 5%.
Figure 3 Location and number of stadiums equipped with substations
Therefore, the location and number of stadium substations are shown in Figure 3. The location is also considered in consideration of the different lighting methods and the distribution of electrical load. For example, the four-corner type of lamp, the substation is usually arranged at the bottom of the tower, and each tower is powered by a special transformer; in the form of a light-belt type, the position of the substation is as close as possible to the center of the strip on the plane.
If the power consumption of the stadium is large, the location of the power distribution station should be considered comprehensively for lighting and power equipment.
Table 2 Determination of the number and location of distribution substations
3 lighting control
The stadium usually has a lighting control room, which is preferably located on the opposite side of the podium. The operator can see the timing scoreboard and see the lighting and venue conditions of most of the stadiums. The lighting control room also has an upper part on the side of the podium, and is also integrated with the timed scoreboard control room. There is a lighting console in the control room. The console has a full-field lighting simulation and lighting (manual/automatic) single control and master control buttons. Since the Beijing Olympics, more and more stadiums have adopted intelligent lighting control systems.
The "Code for Electrical Design of Sports Buildings" JGJ 354-2014 stipulates that intelligent lighting control systems should be adopted for special and Grade A sports buildings, and intelligent lighting control systems should be adopted for Class B sports buildings. The lighting control of the stadium building should determine the lighting control mode according to the level of the stadium, the type of sports, the situation of TV broadcast, the usage and other factors, and should comply with the provisions of Table 3. Other sports buildings of other grades are not subject to this restriction.
Table 3 site lighting control mode
Note: √- should be used; ○- depending on the specific situation; ×- not used.
4 gas discharge lamp line
(1) Limitation of starting current
The start of a conventional light source is aided by an electronic trigger, which is the measure taken by most metal halide lamps. The length of the cable from the ballast or trigger to the luminaire source depends on the type of luminaire, cable and trigger used, and is typically limited to the range of 5-100m. The starting current of a common metal halide lamp is about 1.2 to 1.8 times the operating current. And their first start-up time is longer, usually about 4-10min. When opening, it is necessary to limit the simultaneous injection of a large amount of load to prevent the starting current from being too large and causing a power failure. It is generally limited by the input method of program control, time delay relay or manual sequence start.
The starting current of the LED lamp depends on the driving circuit. Since there is no relevant product standard, the starting current of different products is quite different. Generally speaking, the starting current of the LED lamp for the stadium is not less than 4 times of the working current, and the starting impact is relatively large. However, the startup time is short and can be lit instantly. Since LED lighting is new, much work is still under study.
The intelligent lighting control system solves the problem of sequential starting and reduces the impact of starting current.
(2) Improvement of power factor
The metal halide lamp line has a low power factor, generally only about 0.5; the power factor and PF of the LED lamp are quite different, and many of the products are low. According to the characteristics of the lighting in the stadium, the method of increasing the power factor by single lamp is often adopted, that is, the capacitance used in each luminaire is combined with the luminaire starting device, so that the power factor is not less than 0.9 to meet the "Electrical Design Code for Sports Buildings". 》JGJ 354-2014 Article 19.3.7.
(3) Lighting measures during re-ignition
One of the advantages of LED lights is that they can be lit instantly, and there is no problem of re-ignition and no light.
The metal halide lamp is different. After the normal power failure is restored, the re-ignition time of the metal halide lamp will be longer than 10-15 minutes. In the stadium of tens of thousands of people, during this time, the venue should maintain a certain degree of illumination. In the stadiums where the requirements are not high, some lamps can be directly re-ignited with electronic triggers, and some lamps are gradually re-ignited; some The stadium solves the problem of re-ignition, and some tungsten halogen lamps can be used as the site emergency lighting. In both cases, normal competition cannot be performed. For domestic or international competitions in large stadiums, the number of triggering lamps should be set according to the requirements of lighting in the emergency TV broadcast mode to ensure the minimum illumination to make the competition go smoothly.
In addition to the thermal triggering device, the high-intensity gas discharge lamp HID dedicated uninterruptible power supply device also ensures that the metal halide lamp does not go out during the power conversion process.
(4) Neutral line section selection
Regardless of the metal halide lamp or the LED lamp, there is the influence of harmonic current, and the harmonic influence of the LED lamp is greater. Therefore, the neutral line section of the site lighting circuit should be not less than the phase line cross section.
(5) Wiring and installation
All electrical equipment (lamps, ballasts, triggers, fuses and accessories) installed on the poles or mounted on the light bridges, as well as wires and cables, shall withstand the pollution, wind and rain from the atmosphere. In the test of snow, exposure, etc., coastal areas should also be able to prevent salt spray erosion.
The wind load area of ​​the pole or strip shall be the sum of the front area of ​​all the floodlights and the area of ​​the bridge, and shall not be the sum of the area of ​​the individual lamps.
Since the voltage of the trigger is relatively high, the nominal voltage of the selected cable should not be less than 1000V. Water cables that are laid in the outdoor direct sunlight environment of sports buildings should be made of waterproof and UV-resistant copper core power cables.
The distance between the ballast and the trigger to the light source must be limited to the limit of the connection cable specified by the manufacturer.
The installation of the floodlight should ensure its long-term operation, and its depression angle and orientation should be correct.
Example: Figure 4 shows the venue lighting layout of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games main stadium, the National Stadium "Bird's Nest". The stadium is used for the track and field, football matches, opening and closing ceremonies during the Olympic Games. A total of 594 sets of MVF403 lamps and 2000W/380V short arc metal halide lamps were used. The "Bird's Nest" site lighting has a very good visual effect, which not only satisfies the functional requirements of the venue lighting, but also adds spirituality or change to the space inside the stadium.
Figure 4 Lighting layout of the main stadium of the Beijing Olympic Games
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