First, apply the change rule. When a system failure occurs, it's often helpful to make small, incremental adjustments. Change one parameter at a time to isolate the issue. For example, if you're experiencing issues with spectral peak resolution, try changing the mobile phase step by step, or swap out the guard column and analytical column. These simple modifications can sometimes resolve the problem without requiring more complex troubleshooting.
Second, use the replacement rule. This is one of the most effective methods for identifying faults—replace suspected components with known good ones. If you suspect a detector is causing noise, test it with a different, functioning unit. If the issue disappears, the original detector was likely faulty. This method can be applied on various scales, from replacing entire modules to swapping out individual ICs on a circuit board.
Third, follow the comparison rule. Before performing any hands-on maintenance, compare the current situation with known good conditions or previous data. This helps you determine the root cause before taking action. For instance, if the internal standard peak is low during injection, repeat the process to check for reproducibility. If the issue appears random, check for air bubbles in the sample loop. After making system changes, like adjusting flow rates, run a couple of standard injections to verify retention time stability and peak consistency. If extra peaks appear during gradient elution, perform a no-load gradient run to confirm whether the issue is real. This approach helps avoid unnecessary changes and speeds up the resolution process.
Fourth, use reference condition rules. There are typically two types: standard reference conditions and test reference conditions. Standard conditions are easily replicable across systems and labs, making them ideal for comparing results. If a system shows high pressure under certain test conditions but performs normally under standard conditions, the issue may stem from environmental factors in the lab rather than the system itself. Using these references helps identify discrepancies and narrow down potential causes.
Finally, implement the exchange rule. This works alongside the replacement rule. If after replacing a faulty component the issue remains, return the original part to its place. This minimizes repair costs and avoids accumulating unused parts. However, this rule doesn’t apply in all cases. It shouldn’t be used when removing a new part could damage it (like a pump seal), when the part is inexpensive (such as a column filter), when reinstalling the original part risks damage, or when the part is due for regular replacement anyway.
By following these systematic rules, you can efficiently troubleshoot and resolve technical issues while maintaining the integrity of your equipment and minimizing downtime.
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