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Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) has a broader application range compared to paper chromatography, primarily due to its high speed, sensitivity, resolution, and the versatility of the developing agents. Additionally, it allows for a larger sample load when preparing thin layers. Although one-step TLC is often considered a qualitative or semi-quantitative method—due to its lower level of automation, resolution, and reproducibility compared to gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)—it still offers several unique advantages.
One of the key strengths of TLC is that it is not limited by the nature of the substances being separated, making it highly versatile across various applications. The stationary phase is used only once, which simplifies sample preparation. The planar structure of the thin layer provides a multi-column effect, allowing multiple samples to be analyzed simultaneously, thereby reducing analysis time significantly. Moreover, the development conditions can be easily optimized, and the technique is not restricted to a single detector, enabling both qualitative and quantitative analysis depending on the compound being studied. It also supports repeated measurements, making it reliable for certain types of experiments.
When a standard chromatogram is obtained, it can be scanned or photographed for long-term storage. With the use of highly efficient adsorbents and advanced instrumentation, the resolution and reproducibility of TLC have improved considerably. As a result, TLC is not a replacement for GC or HPLC but rather a complementary technique that continues to play an important role in many fields.
In practice, TLC remains widely used, with thousands of applications in planar chromatography largely relying on this method. According to rough estimates, about 30% of pharmaceutical analyses, 25% of clinical and biochemical studies, 15% of environmental chemistry, 10% of food and agricultural testing, and 5% of inorganic and organometallic compounds involve TLC. Another 15% of problems across different areas are also solved using this technique. Its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability ensure that TLC remains a valuable tool in modern analytical chemistry.
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