Natural resources are all forms of materials and energy found in nature that can be utilized by humans. They form the foundation of human life and activities, serving as a crucial material basis for survival and development, and acting as a cornerstone for sustainable societal progress. As technology continues to advance, humans have increasingly exploited these resources. However, the quantity of natural resources is finite, and the regeneration rate of renewable resources lags far behind their consumption speed. This has led to a significant depletion of resources over time. Despite this, many people in society remain unaware of the potential crises that resource exhaustion could bring to both humanity and the planet. Energy waste is widespread, with large amounts of energy being consumed unnecessarily, leading not only to resource loss but also environmental pollution.
Energy waste is particularly evident in lighting systems. In places such as school classrooms, libraries, reading rooms, factories, office buildings, and subways—areas that require long-term illumination—the power consumption is staggering. While some electricity usage is essential, much of it is unnecessary due to factors like poor management, low environmental awareness, and the lack of scientific lighting control systems. This waste leads to discomfort and inefficiency. For instance, lights may remain on in empty rooms at night, or in areas with sufficient daylight, creating unnecessary energy consumption and economic losses.
According to statistics, Beijing University of Science and Technology saves 150,000 kW·h annually by turning off lights for one hour each day, equivalent to saving 100,000 yuan. This highlights the importance of energy-saving lighting controls. The challenge lies in ensuring adequate lighting without increasing the workload of staff, while maintaining lighting quality and achieving automatic, intelligent control. Developing an efficient control system is a pressing issue. In this paper, an infrared thermoelectric sensor is used in conjunction with a microcontroller to automatically detect the number of people in a given area. This allows the system to adjust lighting brightness based on occupancy, thus achieving energy savings without compromising user needs.
The integration of a microcontroller in the lighting energy-saving control system not only brings economic benefits but also provides social and environmental advantages, contributing significantly to sustainable development and environmental protection.
**1. Overall Structure and Working Principle of the Energy-Saving Control System**
To meet the illumination requirements of people in a specific area while minimizing energy waste, the energy-saving control system gathers environmental data through a photosensitive element, such as an infrared thermoelectric sensor or a human body sensor. When the sensor detects that the natural light level reaches a set threshold, it determines that the current lighting conditions are sufficient, and the artificial lighting system does not need to be activated. Conversely, if the natural light is insufficient, the system activates the lighting. A human body sensing device or pyroelectric sensor then detects whether someone is present. If no one is detected for a certain period after the last movement, the system turns off the lights to save energy.
Pyroelectric sensors are highly accurate in detecting moving human bodies but less so for stationary ones. To avoid false signals in situations where people are still, such as in classrooms or libraries, the system uses a dual-detection method. It counts the number of people in the detection area using an infrared radiation counter, which helps determine the actual occupancy. This approach improves the accuracy and reliability of the system, enabling more intelligent and effective control of the lighting, thereby achieving real energy savings while maintaining comfort and efficiency.
Figure 1 shows the overall structure of the energy-saving control system.
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