As a hardware engineer, there are two basic circuits that must be faced: analog circuits and digital circuits. Let's take a look at the basics of these two circuits.
First, the definition and characteristics of analog circuits and digital circuits:
Analog signal
An electronic circuit that processes analog signals. The word "analog" mainly refers to the reproduction of a voltage (or current) proportional to the true signal.
1, the value of the function is an infinite number;
2. When the image information and sound information change, the waveform of the signal also changes, that is, the information to be propagated by the analog signal is included in its waveform (the information change law is directly reflected in the amplitude, frequency and phase of the analog signal) .
3. The primary analog circuit mainly solves two major aspects: 1 amplification, 2 signal sources.
4. The analog signal has continuity.
Digital circuits ( circuits for arithmetic and logic operations)
A circuit that performs arithmetic and logic operations on digital quantities with digital signals is called a digital circuit, or a digital system. Because it has logic operation and logic processing function, it is also called digital logic circuit.
1, with both arithmetic and logic functions
The digital circuit is based on binary logic algebra. It uses binary digital signals to perform arithmetic operations and logical operations (and, OR, non, judgment, comparison, processing, etc.), so it is extremely suitable for calculation and comparison. , storage, transmission, control, decision making and other applications.
2, simple to implement, reliable system
Digital logic circuits based on binary are more reliable. Small fluctuations in the supply voltage have no effect on it, and temperature and process variations have a much smaller impact on the reliability of their operation than analog circuits.
3, high integration, easy to implement
High integration, small size, and low power consumption are one of the outstanding advantages of digital circuits. The design, maintenance and maintenance of the circuit are flexible and convenient. With the rapid development of integrated circuit technology, the integration of digital logic circuits is getting higher and higher. The function of integrated circuit blocks is related to small scale integrated circuits (SSI) and medium scale integrated circuits. The development of MSI), large scale integrated circuits (LSI), and very large scale integrated circuits (VLSI) has also risen from component level, device level, component level, and board level to system level. The design of the circuit is simply a combination of standard integrated circuit block units. For non-standard special circuits, programmable logic array circuits can also be used to implement arbitrary logic functions through programming.
Second, the difference between analog circuits and digital circuits
An analog circuit is a circuit that processes an analog signal; a digital circuit is a circuit that processes a digital signal.
The analog signal is a function of time, a continuously varying quantity, and the digital signal is a discrete quantity. Because all electronic systems are based on specific electronic devices and electronic circuits, in a signal processing, signal acquisition and signal recovery are analog signals, and only the middle portion of the signal is processed digitally. Specifically, the analog circuit mainly processes the analog signal, does not change with time, and has continuous signals in the time domain and the range, such as a voice signal. The digital signal, on the other hand, is variable. The processing of the digital signal includes sampling of the signal, quantization of the signal, and encoding of the signal.
To give a simple example: if you want to transmit a small, large sound from a distance, use amplitude modulation and analog signals to transmit (the corresponding analog circuit should be used), then the amplitude of the signal will be more and more during transmission. Large because it is based on the amplitude characteristics of the electrical signal to simulate the strength of the sound.
However, if digital signal transmission is used, a code is used, and each level of sound corresponds to one type of code. At the sound input end, the corresponding code is transmitted every time the sample is taken. It can be seen that no matter how many levels of sound are divided, no matter how high the sampling frequency is, there is still a loss for the original sound. However, this loss can be compensated by increasing the sampling frequency, which is theoretically more than twice the frequency of the original signal.
The level of the digital circuit is in line with the standard, and the analog circuit does not have such a requirement.
Third, the connection between analog circuits and digital circuits
The analog circuit supplies power to the digital circuit and completes the execution of the actuator.
In analog and digital circuits, signals are expressed differently. The digital signal can be operated on operations that the analog signal can perform, such as amplification, filtering, limiting, and the like. In fact, all digital circuits are fundamentally analog circuits, and their basic electrical principles are the same as analog circuits. The complementary metal oxide semiconductor is composed of two analog metal oxide field effect transistors, and its symmetrical and complementary structure allows it to handle high and low digital logic levels. However, digital circuits are designed to process digital signals, and if any analog signals are forcibly introduced without additional processing, quantization noise may result.
A function that represents a signal value at a discrete set of times is called a discrete time signal. Because the most frequently encountered discrete time signals are samples of analog signals that are evenly (and sometimes non-uniformly) spaced in time. "Discrete time" and "number" are often used to describe the same signal. Some theories of discrete time signals also apply to digital signals.
How to implement the functions of analog and digital circuits
Analog circuits and digital circuits are also carriers of signal changes. The analog circuit amplifies and reduces the signal in the circuit by the amplification characteristics of the components. The digital circuit transmits the signals through the switching characteristics. Operational.
In analog circuits, voltage, current, frequency, and period changes are mutually constrained, while changes in voltage, current, frequency, and period in a circuit are discrete.
Analog circuits can operate at high currents and high voltages, while digital circuits operate at low voltages and low currents, completing or producing stable control signals.
Fifth, the application
Analog circuits cover almost the entire electronics field, and the functional implementation of any one electronic circuit involves analog circuits.
Digital circuits and digital electronic technologies are widely used in science and technology fields such as television, radar, communications, electronic computers, automatic control, and aerospace.
Analog circuit designs are often more difficult than digital circuits and require a higher level of designer. This is one of the reasons why digital circuit systems are more popular than analog circuits. Analog circuits typically require more manual operations, and the design process is less automated than digital circuits.
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